Warm-Blood Cardioplegia With Low or High Magnesium for Coronary Bypass Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Objective: Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is cardioprotective and has been routinely used to supplement cardioplegic solutions during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. However, there is no consensus about the Mg(2+) concentration that should be used. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intermittent antegrade warm-blood cardioplegia supplemented with either low- or high-concentration Mg(2+).

Methods: This study was a randomised controlled trial carried out in two cardiac surgery centres, Bristol, UK and Cuneo, Italy. Patients undergoing isolated CABG with cardiopulmonary bypass were eligible. Patients were randomised to receive warm-blood cardioplegia supplemented with 5 or 16mmoll(-1) Mg(2+). The primary outcome was postoperative atrial fibrillation. Secondary outcomes were serum biochemical markers (troponin I, Mg(2+), potassium, lactate and creatinine) and time-to-plegia arrest. Intra-operative and postoperative clinical outcomes were also recorded.

Results: Data from two centres for 691 patients (342 low and 349 high Mg(2+)) were analysed. Baseline characteristics were similar for both groups. There was no significant difference in the frequency of postoperative atrial fibrillation in the high (32.8%) and low (32.0%) groups (risk ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.82-1.28). However, compared with the low group, troponin I release was 28% less (95% CI 55-94%, p=0.02) in the high-Mg(2+) group. The 30-day mortality was 0.72% (n=5); all deaths occurred in the high-Mg(2+) group but there was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.06). Frequencies of other major complications were similar in the two groups.

Conclusions: Warm-blood cardioplegia supplemented with 16mmoll(-1) Mg(2+), compared with 5mmoll(-1) Mg(2+), does not reduce the frequency of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing CABG but may reduce cardiac injury.