Late intraoperative and early postoperative lactate levels >3 mmol/L and increases >200%, even when remaining within the normal range, should raise the suspicion of subsequent mesenteric ischemia development.
The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) introduced the FOCUS initiative (Flawless Operative Cardiovascular Unified Systems) in 2005 in response to the need for a rigorous scientific approach to improve quality and safety in the cardiovascular operating room (CVOR).