The history and evolution of these procedures, as well as the present status and future directions of robotic cardiac surgery, are presented in this review.
Management of patients receiving anticoagulants is a major factor in achieving better outcomes. Anticoagulant therapy may need to be discontinued or rapidly reversed before urgent surgery or invasive procedures.
Late institution of ECMO in lung transplant recipients for causes other than primary graft failure is associated with such poor survival that its use should be considered only in very select cases.
