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The Complex Nature of Emboli Detection During Cardiac Procedures
Certainly, as the letter authors stated, emboli source and delivery during surgical procedures is complex. Multidisciplinary teams are needed to solve this problem. We are glad that a robust body of literature precedes us and that the relatively small but extremely important research community represented by World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery readers will continue to work together toward improving technology to accurately identify emboli burden and characteristics during cardiac procedures.
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Bivalirudin as an adjunctive anticoagulant to heparin in the treatment of heparin resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass-assisted cardiac surgery
Heparin resistance (unresponsiveness to heparin) is characterized by the inability to reach acceptable activated clotting time values following a calculated dose of heparin.
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Cannulation Strategies in Adult Veno-arterial and Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Techniques, Limitations, and Special Considerations
Veno-arterial (VA) ECMO is used in selected patients with various etiologies of cardiogenic shock and entails either central or peripheral cannulation.
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