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Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 may be postoperative markers of cardiac injury, and IL-6, specifically, shows promise in predicting readmission and mortality following cardiac surgery.
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Bubbles and Bypass: An Update
Bubbles in the bloodstream are not a normal condition - yet they remain a fact of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), having been extensively studied and documented since its inception some 50 years ago.
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Optimising Bloodless Cardiovascular Surgery for Jehovah’s Witnesses and Beyond
This review summarizes current evidence on the use of pre-, intra-, and post-operative strategies aimed at the subset of patients who refuse blood transfusion, for example Jehovah’s Witnesses.
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