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Although preoperative hyponatremia is independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with normal ejection fraction, an association with adverse outcomes in patients with low ejection fraction was not demonstrated.
Patient blood management strategies can be applied at every stage of care to surgical and nonsurgical patients, and they generally fall under one of these three categories (the so-called pillars of blood management): optimizing hematopoiesis and appropriate management of anemia, minimizing bleeding and blood loss, and harnessing and optimizing physiological tolerance of anemia through employing all available modalities while treatment is initiated.
Stewart's quantitative physical chemical approach enables us to understand the acid-base properties of intravenous fluids.
