Right Ventricular Function

Toll-like Receptor 9 and the Inflammatory Response to Surgical Trauma and Cardiopulmonary Bypass

CPB, surgical trauma and ischemic perfusion injury trigger the release of circulating mtDNA that activates TLR-9, in turn stimulating a release of IL-6. Therefore, TLR-9 antagonists may attenuate this response and may provide a future therapeutic target whereby the systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery may be manipulated to improve clinical outcomes.

Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Modalities and Management

This literature review aims to define the pathophysiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury, the current definition and classification of acute kidney injury and the available diagnostic modalities, especially the use of biomarkers.