Cryoglobulinemia: Caution for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Three-Dimensional Printing in Adult Cardiovascular Medicine for Surgical and Transcatheter Procedural Planning, Teaching and Technological Innovation

We have highlighted different materials used to replicate aortic and mitral valves, vessels and myocardial properties. 3D printing allows a heuristic approach to investigate complex cardiovascular diseases, and it is a unique patient-specific technology providing enhanced understanding and tactile representation of cardiovascular anatomies for the procedural planning and decision-making process.