Current Status and Outcomes of Coronary Revascularization 1999 to 2002: 148,396 Surgical and Percutaneous Procedures

BACKGROUND: Current practice, trends, and early outcomes in patients undergoing surgical and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) are changing and subject to speculation.

METHODS: 148,396 consecutive patients in 69 HCA, Inc hospitals who underwent either PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were tracked in the HCA Casemix Database from 1999 through the first quarter of 2002. Comorbid conditions, procedures, complications, and outcome variables were defined through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision coding. Odds ratios (OR) for death and other procedure-related complications were estimated using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, and 31 other patient clinical and procedural characteristics.

RESULTS: Now 65.4% of all coronary revascularization is by PCI with a 6.8% annual rate of increase whereas CABG volume is declining by 1.9% per year. However the majority of these changes occurred between 1999 and 2000 with only small changes in the last 3 years. Coronary artery bypass grafting is still utilized primarily for multivessel disease (3.38 bypasses per patient) whereas PCI is predominately (83%) still limited to single-vessel intervention. Unadjusted mortality rates over the full 13-quarter period were 1.25% for PCI and 2.63% for CABG (p < 0.001), with PCI rates remaining constant and CABG mortality declining. Twenty-three percent of CABG is performed off pump with a lower mortality than conventional on-pump CABG (2.37% versus 2.69%, p < 0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention patients have lower mortality (OR 0.51), and fewer acute renal failure (OR 0.39), neurologic (OR 0.12), and cardiac (OR 0.16) complications than CABG patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for coronary artery disease continue to rise primarily due to an increase in PCI. The volume of PCI continues to increase relative to CABG. Although adverse outcomes are higher after CABG, the proportion of multivessel disease treated is greater. The difference in adverse outcomes between CABG and PCI remains small and continues to decline.